Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer wellness And Social Care EssayThe Health advance logo incorporates five key achieve areas in Health Promotion (build healthy public policy, create supportive environments for health, strengthen community action for health, develop personal skills, and re-orient health services) and the three basic Health Promotion strategies (to enable, mediate, and advocate) as described by the World Health Organisation in the Ottawa Charter (World Health Organisation 1986 Nutbeam 1998).In Nigeria, incidence rate of cervical cancer is the estimated at 25 per 100,000 women with an ab bulge out 8000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed each year(Adewole, Benedet et al. 2005). CITED IN OKONOFUA. The National Cervical Cancer Prevention Programme (NCCPP)-the jump national effort towards the cervical cancer prevention in Nigeria-was formally launched by the Honourable Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development in October, 2008. strength border ones to ta ckling cervical cancerMedical or preventive approach primary prevention via HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical screening .This closely aligns with the precept highlighted in the Alma Ata declaration which foc eng successionments on prevention rather than cure(World Health Organisation 1978).Behavioural approach advance clients to take-up screening services and also encouraging clients to adopt healthy sexual behaviour through group or one-to-one counselling as well as mass campaigns.Educational approach add-on sense of the cause of cervical cancer via sex education (peer education and family life skills curriculum). Knowledge about the risk factors for cervical cancer may change sexual attitudes and ultimately behaviour. Socio-economic factors may however limit voluntary change in behaviour. Provision of leaflets, booklets, group, and one-to-one advice may be used to work on the risks of the disease.Social change approach free education for teen females and fr ee vocational training programmes and improving access to education.Empowerment approach conjure up life skills through family life skills curriculum and peer-education which help in teaching female teenagers assertiveness and negotiation, and self esteem building regarding sexual issues.Theoretical underpinning for cervical cancer screeningThis encumbrance combines the medical (preventive), behavioural and educational approaches to health promotion. The theoretical framework is the modified health belief model(Rosenstock, Strecher et al. 1988) of health-related decision making. The Health flavour influence (HBM) has been widely used in the prediction of cervical cancer screening uptake (Gillam 1991 Austin, Ahmad et al. 2002 Johnson, Mues et al. 2008).It is found on the individuals perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem ( capacity, severity), the advantages of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the health related decisions (barriers, cues to action, and s elf-efficacy). This value-expectancy model(Shumaker, Ockene et al. 2009) suggests that whether people change their health behaviour, put on an interpellation, or not would depend on if they believe its benefits outweigh its risks (e.g. terminal) or costs (time and money). It suggests that women are influenced by how vulnerable they think they are to cervical cancer (perceived susceptibility) and how serious they consider it to be (perceived severity). This theory has however been criticised as creation unable to predict behaviour but it can potentially serve as a framework for elucidating womens reactions to screening and help in devising methods of change magnitude participation, improving the quality of the service, and reducing womens anxiety towards cervical cancer diagnosis(Fylan 1998). According to the HBM, asymptomatic people may not go for cervical screening unless they accept that, though they have no symptoms, they may in fact have pre-cancerous lesions (perceived sus ceptibility). They must understand that cervical cancer is a leading cause of final stage (perceived severity). Taking a Pap smear test will reduce the risk of cervical cancer (perceived benefits) without negative side effects or profuse difficulty (perceived barriers). Posters, reminder letters and messages, or radio announcements especially in the local dialect might encourage women to go for screening (cues to action). For those who have had a friend or relative developing cancer, counselling might help build confidence in taking up the service (self-efficacy).Individual perceptions Modifying factors likeliness of actionPerceived benefits of cervical screening-avoidance of premature death minus Perceived barriers to cervical screening -accessing health precaution facilities (transport), inconvenient clinic times, lack of a female screener (especially for Moslem women), fatalistic view of cancer, cost of testing, lack of patient-friendly services, cultural health beliefs, lang uage barriers, fear of discrimination, spouse disapproval, absence of symptomsDemographic variablesAge (20), female (gender),marital statusSocio-psychological variables starting time socio-economic status, poor nutrition, level of education, polygamy, multiple sexual partnersStructural variablesKnowledge about cervical cancer, prior contact with people with cervical cancerPerceived susceptibility to cervical cancerPerceived severity of cervical cancerPerceived threat of cervical cancerLikelihood of having a pap smearCues to actionAdvice from physicians and lay persons (friends, neighbours, relatives, community leaders, and spiritual leaders) can media campaigns-radio announcements and broadcasts (in English and local dialect), newspaper articles, billboards, television, press advertisementsBooklets, leaflets, and posters placed in public places like supermarkets handbillsIllness or death of a friend or close relative from cervical cancerReminders from physiciansHealth Belief Model o f Cervical Cancer Prevention (Adapted from (Naidoo and Wills 2009)-Health Belief Model pg.The theory of reason action and theory of planned behaviour may be used to predict response to cervical cancer screening based on looking up to the health promoters as models.Role of the media in cervical screeningUsing the media to pass on information and advice is an important scheme or tool for health promotion. Much of public health issues-including smoking and HIV/AIDS -have been successfully improved via extensive media campaigns. Media messages help in scope large numbers of people. The vital role of research in health promotion has been supported by research (Marcus and Crane 1998 Jenkins, McPhee et al. 1999).Mass media campaigns aim to raise awareness or provide messages about participation in the intervention.Mobile phone text messaging is a potentially useful means of sending invitations and reminders for screening. A research finding also stated that mobile phone messages seems to be an efficient tool for increasing compliance with vaccination schedules(Vilella, Bayas et al. 2004).A trial demonstrated that attendance at primary care centres improved via mobile phone text messaging (Leong, Chen et al. 2006)and unhealthy behaviours such as smoking(Rodgers, Corbett et al. 2005) has been shown in research to be improved by text messages. Furthermore, a systematic review also indicated that mass media interventions may play a key role in influencing the use of healthcare interventions(Grilli, Freemantle et al. 2000).Linear causal and diffusion of innovation model have been used to explain the effects of media on an audience.REVISE AND ADD 3 LINES FROM TAG AND NAIDOOthough media is effective at reaching large nos of people the understanding and recall by the target audience cannot be guaranteed .It must be supported by other strategies like reimforcement from experts. CITE NAIDOP189 PLUS SOURCESCHECK NAIDOO AND WILLS .There is also a problem of interpreting stati stics research studies and interpretation of risk.Social marketing=market women,university students,female health care wokers,women in churches,muslim womenRead pg 194 plus few other arRationale for cervical screeningFor a screening for a disease to be effectivethe disease must be an important health problemthe natural course of the disease should be well understoodthe disease should have a long detectable preclinical phasemust have effective treatment and early treatment should improve outcomethe test should be super specific and sensitive andadequate resources to perform the test should be available and it should be cost effective(Naidoo and Wills 2005).LINK THESE TO PAP SMEAR AND CERV CA + CITE epide/sys reviews/rctsThe Ewles and Simnett model(Ewles and Simnett 2003) have with a logic framework would be used in planning the programme.Needs assessment the case for cervical cancer screening in IbadanThe needfully assessment for this programme is carried out from the professional s lieu using the epidemiological approach (Williams and Wright 1998 Bowling and Jones 2002 Tones and Green 2004).Needs assessment is best carried out using both qualitative and quantitative information(Gilmore and Campbell 2005).It is done in order to help establish priorities ,assist planning, justify the use of resources and also in planning evaluation. It brings to light the magnitude of the problem and establishes a baseline against which the health promotion intervention can be evaluated.Ibadan is large community located in Nigeria. It shares a unique mix of middle kinsperson -mainly government workers and university staff -and socially disadvantaged groups. It has a substantial number of Muslims spanning the Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups .Literacy level is low. The transport system is inexpensive but poorly nonionised and most women are involved in petty trading. Health services available are one teaching hospital, 3 state-owned general hospitals, and primary health centres located within each LGA.Epidemiological data-morbidity, and fatality rate statistics-from the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan cancer registry- was used to identify and quantify the incidence of cervical cancers occurring in the community. The mean age of years at presentation.A recent study by doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan as reported by The Punch of November 7, 2002 gave credence to the emerging trend revealing- that out of- Nigerian women have breast cancer. Based on this finding, 34,800 new cases would be expected in 2003 an increase from 27,840 or 25% in 1999.Selection of intervention populationBased on needs assessment, practical considerations such as level of funding, the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infection and to a lesser degree current life-expectancy statistics? This intervention targets women between 20 and 65 years old Justify with evidenceAimThe programme overall aim is to reduce the morbidity and premature mortality from cerv ical cancer in Ibadan?ObjectivesTo raise the awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 85% by the year 2014To increase to about 70% participation( the serving of eligible women screened by )ToIntervention and resources=500 wordsThe intervention is a community-based intervention set in Ade-Oyo Ibadan, a community in the South-Western region of Nigeria.Mass media campaigns to promote cervical cancer screening-planned media coverage funded by sponsoring bodies plus unpaid media coverage in newspapers-the recent death of a former first gentlewoman from ovarian cancer may increase awareness and the involvement of the current first lady in cancer initiatives has led to a dramatic increase in media coverage of cancer related issues.Stakeholders-represenative of the press?Primary staeholders-the womenSecondary stakeholdersHealth professionals-general practitioners,specialist gynaecologists,health promotion and public health nurses,community health extension workersKey stakeholders ba cking bodies and ngos World Health Organisation , Mass Medical Mission (MMM) ,PATH Policy makers- agencies/FMOH/Oyo State moh,Ministry of Women AffairsRESOURCESPap smear plus acetoacetttttTarget? by 2014military rating of the cervical cancer prevention programme=300 -400 wordsEthical principles 3-4 linesPolitical dimensions3-4 statementsPolitics can be looked at from a power perspective and defined as the production ,distribution and use of scarce resourcesCite IN NAIDOO(Heywood 2000).Politics play an important role in the success of health promotion interventions. subjoin LOGIC FRAMEWORK Quantitative approachConclusionThis health promotion intervention has used the medica approach to hp which is often viewed as being mechanistic redustic view of health