Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science Essay

Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science show radio set Gigabit is an up-and-coming technology expected to change piano tuner connectivity of up to 7Gbps in selective knowledge, pomp and strait applications. The scheme sponsoring this technology is the Wireless Gigabit tout ensembleiance.Features of Wigig more than or less of the important characteristics of the Wigig technology be listed belowWigig is capable of providing a radio set ne twainrk which its speed is up to 7Gbps, while the fastest current 802.11n has theoretic each(prenominal)(prenominal)y the heightsest speeds up to 600Mbps.WiGig is operated at 60 gigacycle per second which allows a astrayr channel and erects super-fast enrapture speeds. It fucking transfer info amid 1Gbps to 7Gbps, 60 clock more than Wi-Fi.Wigig sack be able to jut the Tri band devices.WiGig is a multi-gigabit intercourse technology which is an idealistic standard for the use of streaming HD video so i t stop display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a receiving set ne devilrk.How does Wigig worksWigig impart primarily be utilise within a angiotensin-converting enzyme way of life to issue radio receiver connectivity amongst home cheer equipment. It result enable very fast information transfers and streaming media which is 10 times hurried than the old wireless technologies, in addition to wireless connections for cameras, laptops.DeliverablesTechnical Issues on-line(prenominal) and afterlife expectations of WiGig deployment.Types of challenges or difficulties atomic number 18 there related to WiGig machineations.Kinds of organisations might urgency these b atomic number 18-assed standards.Security IssuesDiscuss and analyse the bail issues that might resurrect due to wide deployment of WiGig confederacy. (802.11 gage department issue and the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm)Discuss and analyse cross mould security phasework in W ireless LAN deployment. Is that manikin lead improve security in WLAN or non.Technical IssuesCurrent Wigig deploymentThe industry standard germane(predicate) to Wigig is IEEE 802.11ad. Draft 1.0 of the specification was publish in Jan 2011. Per the draft standard, forecasts entrust hire the unlicensed 60 GHZ frequency band and all 802.11 ad-compliant devices will yield backward compatibility with 802.11 standard. As a result, tri-band devices will operate at 2.4, 5.0 and 60 gigahertz.The Wigig specification embarrasss main features to maximize performance, minimize implementation complexness and cost, enable backward compatibility with lively Wi-Fi and provide advanced security. bring up features embroil stick up for data transmission rates up to 7 Gbps.Wigig operates at 60 gigahertz band that means it has much more spectrum available, the bring argon much wider, enabling multi-gigabit data rates. Wigig defines 4 convey, each 2.16 gigacycle per second wide which is 5 0 times wider than the channels available in 802.11n. circular-knit switching between 2.4/5/60 gigacycle bandsBased on IEEE 802.11, Wigig provides native Wi-Fi support and enables devices which has tri-band radios to be able to transpargonntly switch between 802.11 meshwork operating in round(prenominal) frequency band including 2.4/5/60 GHzSupport for beamforming, a technology which maximize the signal strength and enable robust communication at distances beyond 10 meters.WiGig is integrated a technology, called Beamforming. It allows the radio beam is shot to the right stern with the best performance minimize waste in the process of transmission. Thus, WiGig uses postcode more competent than traditional Wi-Fi connection.Beamforming employs directional antennas to reduce interference and center the signal between two devices into a concentrated beam. This allows faster data transmission oer longer distances.Beamforming is bylined within the PHY and macintosh forges.Durin g the beamforming process, two devices establish communication and then fine-tune their antenna settings to improve the timbre of directional communication until there is enough capacity for the desired data transmission.The devices potbelly quickly establish a new communications piece of ground employ beams that reflect off walls when an obstacle traps the line of sight between two devices or if some hotshot walks between them.http//genk2.vcmedia.vn/N0WoyYblO3QdmZFKPMtKnadHAHTevz/Image/2012/04/2_6a565.jpgAdvanced security using the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm.AES-GCM is an attest encryption algorithm radiation diagramed to provide both trademark and privacy. Developed by David A McGrew and John Viega, it uses universal hashing all over a binary Galois field to provide authenticated encryption.GCM was designed originally as a way of supporting(a) very high data rates, since it can let advantage of pipelining and tally processing techniques to bypa ss the normal limits imposed by feedback mackintosh algorithms. This allows authenticated encryption at data rates of many ten of Gbps, permitting high grade encryption and authentication on governance which previously could non be fully protected.Different types of layers take part in the functional of the wireless gigabit technology, carnal layer (PHY) deals with all the devices of low and high violence and maintain the status of communication.Protocol adaption layers (PALs) are being developed to support specific system interfaces including data buses for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors.Supplements and ext residuums the 802.11 conceptive point irritate Control(MAC) layer and is backward compatible with the IEEE 80211 standardPower ManagementWigig devices can take advantage of a new scheduled adit mode to reduce occasion consumption. Two devices communicating with each former(a) via a directional link whitethorn schedule the peri ods during which they communicate in between those periods, they can sleep to save power.802.11 ad draft standard is compared to former(a) wireless technologyhttp//images-news. easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_3.jpgWigig in forthcomingWGA has announced the launch of a new wireless connection standard, Wigig 1.1 instal for certification. The Wigig 1.1 is added 2 new PALs specifications, the Wigig Display Extension (WDE) and Wigig Serial Extension (WSE) to stick on the previously published Wigig Bus Extension (WBE) and MAC/PHY specifications.Structure of WigigWigig is defined in 2 layers ground on IEEE 802.11. They are forcible and Medium Access Control layers. These layers enable native support for IP webing over 60Ghz band. They make simpler and less expensive to produce devices that can communicate over both Wigig and existing Wi-Fi using tri-band radios (2.4GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz).http//farm3.static.flickr.com/2390/5791077356 _c2146fb4f0.jpgPhysical LayerThe physical layer of the 802.11 ad standardized 2 wireless data transfigure techniquesOrthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)Single carrier (SC)The 802.11ad divides the 60GHz band into four 2.16 GHz wide channels. Data rates of up to 7 Gbits/s are doable using OFDM with different modulation schemes. A single channel translation for low power operation is available and can deliver a speed up to 4.6 Gbits/s. These wide channels enable WIgig to support applications that contend extremely fast communication, much(prenominal) as uncompressed video transmission.The PHY in 802.11ad is dampen into Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) and the Physical Medium dependant (PMD) sub layers. The PLCP parses data units transmitted/received using various 802.11 media assenting techniques. The PMD performs the data transmission/reception and modulation/demodulation directly main courseing air chthonian the guidance of the PLCP. The 802.11 ad MAC layer to great extend is touched by the nature of the media. For instance, it implements a relatively complex for the second layer fragmentation of PDUs.Medium Access Control (MAC) layerWigig shares MAC layer with existing 802.11 intercommunicates enables session switching between 802.11 nets operating in the 2.4 GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz bands, resulting in uninterrupted wireless data communications. The 802.11 ad MAC layer has been extended to include beamforming support and address the 60 GHz specific aspects of channel memory price of admission code, synchronization, association and authentication.Protocol Adaption Layer (PALs)PAL is a layer added to net income transmissions to help adapt to older standards. It allows wireless implementations of mark computer and consumer electronics interfaces over 60GHz Wigig meshworks. The version 1.0 A/V and I/O protocol adaption layer (PAL) specifications have been developed to support specific system interfaces including extensions for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors.The Wigig Bus Extension (WBE)Define high-performance wireless implementations of widely employ computer interfaces over 60GHz.Enable multi-gigabit wireless connectivity between any two devices, such as connection to storage and other high-speed peripheralsThe Wigig Display Extension (WDE)Support wireless transmission of audio/visual dataEnable wireless DisplayPort and other display interfaces that include the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection 2.0 feature.Offers key A/V applications, such as the transmission of lightly compressed or uncompressed video from a computer or digital camera to an HDTV, monitor or projector.http//img84.imageshack.us/img84/2195/fig2m.jpg conversion Coding Scheme (MCS)The specification supports two types of modulation and coding schemes, which provide different benefits. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) supports communication over longer distances with great clasp spreads, providing more flexibility in handling obstacles and reflected signals. The single carrier, suited to cut down applications, achieves a data rate up to 4.6 Gbits/s, while OFDM enables 7 Gbits/s. use ModelsWigig has a high compatibility and is used for many purposes.Wigig can act as an alternative method which is used for replacing old connectivity standards such as USB, DisplayPort, PCIe and HDMI. In addition, it is backward compatible with most devices which using 802.11 connectivity in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The main function of Wigig is to connect home entertainment devices together tablets, smartphones, PC, TV and more.http//images-news.easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_2.jpgChallenges or difficulties are there related to WiGig implementations.The biggest technical challenge is that these networks will operate in much higher frequencies, around 60 GHz. The higher the frequency is, the greater the propagati on loss over distance. Another challenge is 60 GHz radio are absorbed by wood, bricks, human body and in particular paint are far more opaque to 60 GHz waves. Thus, Wigig is most suitable for in-room applications.Attenuation of various materials by frequency as well as that, the beamforming of compliant equipment trains to be within line of sight of receiving devices in order to work well. Even a person stepping between two communicating devices can break the signal. With these weaknesses, they will veto Wigig from being use popularly in the future. Moreover, most today devices only support 802.11 a/g/n it will take time to re distinguish all these devices with new devices which support 802.11ad standard.Kinds of organisations might need these new standardsWiGig is a multi-gigabit communication technology which is an ideal standard for the use of streaming HD video so it can display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a wireless network. In addition, its speed is up to 7 Gb ps which is very useful for so many organizations such asMultimedia organization (newspapers, advertisement, movie)Financial organization (Bank, office, tax)Education organization (TAFE, university)Medical organization (Hospital)IT organization (Intel, Dell, Apple etc.)political scienceMilitarySecurity IssuesDue to Wigig is ground on IEEE 802.11 standards it has the same security issues with 802.11 a/b/g/n.Easy to accessWireless LANs are easy to find. To enable clients to find them, networks must(prenominal) transmit Beacon frames with network parameters. The information needed to join a network is also the information needed to launch an attack on a network. Beacon frames a not processed by any privacy functions, which means that your 802.11 network and its parameters are available for anybody with an 802.11 card. Attackers with high-gain antennas can find networks from nearby roads or buildings and may launch attacks without having physical access to your facility.Solution Enfor ce bulletproof Access ControlEnsuring that wireless networks are subject to strong access control can mitigate the risk of wireless network deployment. Networks should place access points outside of security perimeter devices such as firewalls, and administrators should cypher using VPNs to provide access to the corporate network. well drug exploiter authentication should be deployed, preferably using new products based on the IEEE 802.1x standard. 802.1x defines new frame types for user-based authentication and leverages existing enterprise user databases, such as RADIUS.Rogue Access PointsEasy access to wireless LANs is coupled with easy deployment. When combined, these two characteristics can cause headaches for network administrators and security officers. Any user can run to a nearby computer store, purchase an access point, and connect it to the corporate network without authorization. Rogue access deployed by end users poses great security risks. End users are not securi ty experts, and may not be aware of the risks posed by wireless LANs. some(prenominal) deployments that have been logged and mapped by war drivers do not have any security features enabled, and a significant fraction have no changes from the remissness configuration.Solution Regular Site AuditsLike any other network technology, wireless networks require vigilance on the part of security administrators. The frank way to find unlicenced networks is to do the same thing that attackers do use an antenna and look for them so that you find unauthorized networks forrader attackers exploit them. Physical site audits should be conducted as frequently as possible.Unauthorized Use of ServiceSeveral war drivers have published results indicating that a clear majority of access points are put in military service with only minimal modifications to their default configuration. Unauthorized users may not necessarily obey your service providers terms of service, and it may only take one spammer to cause your ISP to revoke your connectivity.Solution Design and Audit for Strong AuthenticationThe obvious defence against unauthorized use is to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network. Strong, cryptographicalally protected authentication is a precondition for authorization because access privileges are based on user identity. VPN solutions deployed to protect traffic in tour across the radio link provide strong authentication.MAC Spoofing and school term Hijacking802.11 networks do not authenticate frames. Every frame has a source address, but there is no guarantee that the post sending the frame actually put the frame in the air. only if as on traditional Ethernet networks, there is no protection against forgery of frame source addresses. Attackers can use spoofed frames to redirect traffic and featherbed ARP tables. At a much simpler level, attackers can observe the MAC addresses of send in use on the network and adopt those addresses for vicious transmiss ions.Attackers can use spoofed frames in active attacks as well. In addition to highjack sessions, attackers can exploit the lack of authentication of access points. Access points are identified by their broadcasts of Beacon frames. Any station which claims to be an access point and broadcasts the right service set identifier (SSID, also commonly called a network name) will appear to be part of an authorized network. Attackers can, however, easy pretend to be an access point because nothing in 802.11 requires an access point to prove it really is an access point. At that point, the attacker could potentially steal credentials and use them to gain access to the network through with(predicate) a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.Solution Adopt Strong Protocols and Use ThemUsing methods based on Transport Layer Security (TLS), access points will need to prove their identity before clients provide authentication credentials, and credentials are protected by strong cryptography for tran smission over the air.Session hijacking can be prevented only by using a strong cryptographic protocol such as IPsec.Using strong VPN protocols which require the use of strong user authentication with 802.1x.Traffic summary and Eavesdropping802.11 provides no protection against attacks which supinely observe traffic. The main risk is that 802.11 does not provide a way to fearless data in transit against eavesdropping. Frame headers are always in the clear and are palpable to anybody with a wireless network analyser.Security against eavesdropping was supposed to be provided by Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). However, it protects only the initial association with the network and user data frames. Management and control frames are not encrypted or authenticated by WEP, leaving an attacker wide latitude to dissipate transmissions with spoofed frames.Solution Perform Risk AnalysisWhen addressing the threat of eavesdropping, the key closing is to balance the threat of using only WEP against the complexity of deploying a more proven solution.If wireless LAN is being used for sensitive data, WEP may very well be insufficient for your needs. Strong cryptographic solutions comparable SSH, SSL, and IPsec were designed to transmit data securely over public channels and have proven resistant to attack over many years, and will almost certainly provide a higher level of security. line Problems with WEPRepeat in key stream which allows easy decryption of data for a moderately sophisticated adversary.Weak implementation of the RC4 algorithm leads to an efficient attack that allows key recoverySubject to brute force attacks (Short separates) slowly compromised keys (Shared keys/No Key management)Message modification is possibleNo user authentication occursSubject to Man in the Middle attacksWPABenefitsImproved cryptanalysisStrong Network access controlWill Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed KeysKey ManagementReplay ProtectionProvides for data and he ader integrityFlaws sequence (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) TKIP (a pith integrity check algorithm is to operate the integrity of the packets) Michael significantly improve WEP security, design limit points result in cryptographic weaknesses.Limitations of Michael to retrieve the keystream from short packets to use for re-injection and spoofing.WPA2BenefitsStrong CryptographySupport for legacy EquipmentStrong Network Access ControlWill Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed KeysKey ManagementReplay ProtectionProvides for data and Header IntegrityRoaming SupportSecurity issueThere is a flaw that was discovered. It is called WPS (wireless protected setup) it is the detailed initial setup that most new/newer routers come with. The WPS is a clit which we need to hit when we want to initially set up connection. That is the security flaw thats used now to crack wpa/wpa2. There is a rid program to exploit this flaw (reaver) and it has about a 100% conquest rate in cracking wpa/wpa2.Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)GCM is a block cipher mode of operation providing both confidentiality and data origin authentication. It was designed by McGrew and Viega.BenefitsSupport communication speeds of 10 GbpsProvides strong encryption based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)Be able to implement in hardware for performance and efficiencySecurity IssuesGCM provides no message authenticationThere are some security issues if GCM mode is used incorrectly. GCM is not suited for use with short tag lengths or a very long message. The user should monitor and limit the number of stillborn verification attempts for each key. It is strongly recommended to use all 16 bytes for the tag, and largely no less than 8 bytes. The same length of tag must always be used for a wedded key. The initialization sender (IV) must be unique for each operation for a given key. Security is destroyed for all text encrypted with the same key if the IV is used for different plaintext. Using 12 bytes randomly generated IV is ok and so is a counter that is controlled over so that it can neer be repeated.Cross layer security fabric in Wireless LAN deploymentCross-layer design appears to be a suitable approach for future contributions in the framework of WLANs able to address emerging issues related to ever-higher performance, might consumption, mobility.The single layer security is often inefficient and inadequate for provisioning secure data transmission in WLAN. In generally, the security of a network is determined by the security it has over all the layers. Thus, the cross-layer security framework needs to be proposed in WLAN.The security framework may support many components like intrusion honourion system, Trust framework and satisfactory link layer communication protocol. In order to carry out practical cross-layer security framework in WLAN, we need to follow character based security Security measures must be provided to all the components of a protoco l stack as well as to the entire network. The developers should concentre on securing the entire network.Robust, simple and flexible designs Security mechanisms should construct a trustworthy system out of untrustworthy components and have the capability to detect and function when need arises. This should also support scalability.Various types of active and passive attacks have been recorded in WLANA denial of service (DoS) attack In DoS attack, a malicious node could prevent another node to go back to sleep mode which in turn causes battery depletion.Eavesdropping and invasion If no sound security measures are taken, invasion becomes fairly an easy task due to wireless communication. An adversary could easily extract useful information from the unattended nodes. Hence, a malicious user could join the network undetected by impersonating as some other legitimate node, to have access to secret data, disrupt the network operations, or trace the activity of any node in the network.Phy sical node tampering leading to node compromising.Forced battery exhaustion of a node.Radio jamming at the physical layer.There are some types of cross-layer securityCross-layer security design for intrusion detectionAll approaches pertaining to intrusion detection schemes have been focused on routing and MAC protocols. The existing secure protocols or intrusion detection schemes are normally presented for one protocol layer. So, the effect of these schemes is sandwiched to attacks to a particular layer. They are seldom rough-and-ready to attacks from different protocol layers however, security concerns may arise in all protocol layers. It is necessary to have a cross-layer based detection framework that consolidates various schemes in various protocol layers.Cross-layer security design for power efficiencyAs previously mentioned, zip conservation is one of the radical concerns for sensor networks design, so it should be considered across protocol layers from the beginning map through subsequent stages of the design to achieve the trade-off between energy consumption, network performance and complexity, and maximize the longevity of the entire network. Our cross-layer approach can achieve this while providing network security provisioning. For instance, the carrier detection is trusty for DoS attacks. A detrimental or malicious node can exploit then interplays in MAC layer to frequently bay for channels. This not only prohibits other nodes from connecting with the destination, but also can consume its battery energy due to frequent responses. To overcome this issue, the information can be collected from other layers and the detrimental node can be recognized and then be limited or isolated.Conclusion later analysing the security risks of WLAN and investigating the advantages of cross-layer security framework, I believe that the cross-layer design is a unique candidate to improve security in WLAN. digestWigig or 802.11ad based on the 802.11 standard is a new wireless technology which provides data rates up to 7Gbps over the unlicensed 60 GHz. It will primarily be used within a single room to provide wireless connectivity between home entertainment equipment. It will enable very fast data transfers and streaming media which is 10 times faster than the old wireless technologies. However, Wigig still has some challenges which are the limitation of propagation loss and distance. That is why it can primarily be used within a room or an office. But Wireless Gigabit Alliance claimed that Wigig can be used beyond 10 meters by using beamforming technology in the near future.